2011 July 28, 2011

Burma: Aung San Suu Kyi calls for a cease-fire between army and minorities

Burma: Suu Kyi calls for a cease-fire between army and minorities The opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi on Thursday called for a cease-fire immediately between the Burmese army and several ethnic rebel groups in its first open the new president "civilian" Burmese letter.

The opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi on Thursday called for a cease-fire immediately between the Burmese army and several ethnic rebel groups in its first open the new president "civilian" Burmese letter.

"I would sincerely request a cease-fire immediately and the peaceful resolution of the recent conflicts in the interests of all ethnic groups" in the country, she wrote in this paper also addressed the representatives of various minorities.

"National reconciliation can not be built by military means," she added, while the regime has recently cautioned against the pursuit of his political activities.

Many minority groups, which represent a third of the 50 million people of Burma have never pacified their relations with the central government since independence in 1948. Since then, a civil war between the capital to some of these groups, who demand more rights and autonomy.

Fighting has intensified in recent months between the army and various rebel groups in the north and east.

"I'm ready to fight as much as I can to support a cease-fire and a peace process," said Suu Kyi.

The Nobel Peace Prize, released from seven years of house arrest a week after the November elections criticized, seems to be testing the limits for a few weeks of freedom, while the regime, through the official newspaper New Light of Myanmar , asked him to stop his political activities.

She announced in June a political tour, whose date has not been specified, then made his first trip in early July outside Yangon, Bagan (center), where she attracted admirers moved. Without departing from a strictly private.

According to a source in the National League for Democracy (NLD), the party dissolved, she plans another trip in early August.

"She's going to meditate for about three days in a monastery in Rangoon, and then she will probably go to Bago", north of Yangon, the source said, without specifying whether the trip would be political or private.

New Light of Myanmar has also cautioned against its proposed policy tour, which can lead to "chaos and riots".

She met Monday for the first time a government minister, an event hailed by observers still doubt that it meets the demands of concrete measures from the international community.

Since the November elections, the junta chief Than Shwe is self-dissolved and has handed in late March a government called "civil" but completely controlled by the military. The new president is none other than the outgoing prime minister and former general Thein Sein.


2011 July 25, 2011

The Burmese regime began a dialogue with Aung San Suu Kyi

source lacroix

The Burmese opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi met Monday, July 25 for the first time a minister of the new civilian government

Many observers doubt the sincerity of the Burmese regime in this process considered very symbolic

What is the real significance of the meeting between a representative of the government and the Nobel Peace Prize Aung San Suu Kyi?

The announcement of this meeting had been widely circulated in the Burmese state media last week. The new "civilian" government composed of former military junta wanted to show his good faith after announcing his willingness to enter into dialogue with the Burmese political opposition. In fact, Aung San Suu Kyi, freed in November after seven years of residence monitored and after the last election, very criticized, has met Monday, July 25 Labour Minister Aung Kyi for more than an hour.

Symbolically, many observers welcome this event without seeing a decisive step towards democracy in Burma. In fact, the Minister has just mentioned in an interview that "addressed issues of public policy and the easing of tensions, for the benefit of the people," noting that it was a "first meeting" , suggesting further discussions of this kind. Aung San Suu Kyi about it avoided any direct comment, reaffirming work for the "benefit of the people."

American pressure does play a role in the beginning of the dialogue?

Unquestionably. While U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton ended Tuesday, July 26 a long tour of 11 days in Asia, it sent several clear messages to the Burmese regime calling for an end to military rule and the establishment of a genuine democratic government. "The Burmese authorities can differentiate the previous military regime, showing that they are indeed a" new civil government "that is sensitive to the democratic aspirations and interests of the people," she said in Bali during a meeting with countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (Asean).

For two years, the United States has sought dialogue with the Burmese junta after finding that a policy of isolation of the junta had failed. While maintaining economic sanctions, Washington has repeatedly called for the release of 2,000 political prisoners, dialogue with minorities and democratization. Thus, after the much criticized in November elections, the first in 20 years, the junta was officially disbanded in late March and its powers transferred to a civilian president, former general Thein Sein. However, the military retain control of institutions. In this context, Washington is not fooled but remains convinced that the new system is more conducive to dialogue.

The current regime leave he Aung San Suu Kyi to play a political role?

Here is the question. For now, the Nobel Peace Prize has little room for maneuver. She was able to make a trip outside Rangoon few months ago, but in a strictly private. Its popularity in the province remains strong and the regime does not want to see mobilize crowds against him. For the moment, the political line of Aung San Suu Kyi is to use the margins that the regime gives it, without wanting to break. The scheme takes advantage of this context to give the impression of wanting to talk and get things done.

"If the Minister takes the conversations with her, says Renaud Egreteau, Burma expert at the University of Hong Kong is that the regime wants to get something from the international community, including the United States and the European Union. "The plan notably calls for the lifting of U.S. and European economic sanctions.

In Washington and Brussels on is cautious. Suspicions of developing a secret nuclear program from Burma, in close cooperation with North Korea, compromise is a senior U.S. official called "international legitimacy", which would allow the country to return in the concert of nations, including taking over the rotating presidency of ASEAN in 2014. It will take more than a new meeting with Aung San Suu Kyi to convince the international community of the good faith of the new Burmese regime.

Dorian MALOVIC


2011 July 24, 2011

The Burmese regime is at a crossroads and must choose his path

source: romandie.com

Secretary of State Hillary Clinton on Saturday called on the Burmese authorities, who are at a turning point, to choose between the pursuit of a military regime and the establishment of a genuine democratic civilian government.

Authorities Naypyidaw can differentiate the previous military regime, showing that they are indeed + a + new civilian government, which is sensitive to the democratic aspirations and interests of the people (...) or they can continue their current path, she said in Bali (Indonesia), at a meeting on security in Asia.

After the elections in November criticized the first in twenty years, the junta was officially disbanded in late March and its powers transferred to a civilian president, former general Thein Sein. But the military retain control of institutions.

Washington decided in late 2009 to begin a dialogue with the junta, saying that the policy of the West to isolate the general failed. But the United States had nevertheless decided to maintain sanctions, which have been recently renewed.

The international community expects the Government to make real and measurable progress in addressing our concerns, including unconditionally releasing its more than 2,000 political prisoners, leading a meaningful and inclusive dialogue with the opposition and ethnic minorities, including Aung San Suu Kyi, Clinton said.

The winner of the Nobel Peace Prize has been released from house arrest a week after the November elections in which his party dissolved by the junta, the National League for Democracy (NLD), was not involved.

It was early July made his first trip outside Rangoon, a private trip with his son during which she drew admirers moved.

But the question remains its ability to perform real political tour she announced, after warnings from official newspaper New Light of Myanmar such a trip could lead to chaos and riots.

Clinton also called on the Burmese regime to fulfill (...) obligations of nuclear non-proliferation.

The United States suspects since the early 2000s Burma to develop a nuclear program and develop links for this purpose with North Korea, according to diplomatic notes published by WikiLeaks.

In June 2010, the Democratic Voice of Burma (DVB), a television Burmese exiles based in Norway, had quoted a defector from the Burmese army officer and top secret documents to expose a nuclear program with Pyongyang.

The junta denounced the accusations (...) politically motivated.

A senior U.S. official said Saturday that without these reforms, Burma would lack international legitimacy needed for the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) agreed to grant him the presidency in 2014.


2011 July 22, 2011

Burma (almost) nothing new

source: gavroche

The one-year renewal of EU sanctions in April illustrates the lack of alternatives. Without a real gap in the system, the Western powers are relegated to spectators.

Robert Cooper is, on paper, one of the most influential diplomats in Brussels. This veteran of the Foreign Office, who seconded long the High Representative of the European Union Javier Solana, is now one of the "Missi Dominici" of its successor to the Spanish veteran: British Baroness Catherine Ashton. Seeing Mr. Cooper landed here just to Rangoon to meet Aung San Suu Kyi in particular therefore suggests that the bloc cogitate. What to do while under control since the elections of November 2010, the Burmese military power again appears to have consolidated its position, taking advantage of the Chinese capital, Thai, Singaporean and other still flock? What to say, especially when the drop in opium production down in Afghanistan, gets more beautiful in the Golden Triangle, the result of bad weather and the strengthening of NATO troops these last twenty months ?

The answer is quite simple and it is not nice to write for now, Western diplomats remain defenseless against the generals in Rangoon. The arguments however do not fail to renew the sanctions, as has been done by the European Union in April for one year. The popularity of Aung San Suu Kyi, the face of global democracy is intact, and his portrait continues to float to the European Parliament in Brussels. But beyond words, any shortfall. The effectiveness of sanctions is reduced. China has only done and continues to advance towards the south, via Burma. India notes, more concerned about the strategic ambitions of Beijing that repression in "Myanmar". The 2200 political prisoners known - the actual number is probably higher - languishing in Burmese jails are among the most ignored of the planet held. The amnesty for prisoners, offered by the authorities on 17 May 2011, proved to be a farce, a year of widespread delivery of it.

The trap is closed on the West. Too busy elsewhere, Europe and the United States have, in fact, agreed to give the Burmese folder ASEAN since the bloody suppression of the revolt of the monks in September 2007 . dependent for their Asian allies to contain persimmons Devils Naypyidaw, the new Burmese capital. Result: "As long as western governments will find themselves trapped by the largely cosmetic reforms, the impasse will continue," predicted in May, The Economist, ironically on the nickname given to the former Burma by diplomats in Rangoon: "The Chinese Republic of the Union of Myanmar."

It must, in short, find reasons to get tough. Or, conversely, to loosen the grip. And this is, perhaps, that the coming months will bring their small batch of new elements. The resumption of opium production in the Golden Triangle, confirmed by the UN Office in Vienna, presents this view is a risk for the Burmese generals. For even if the local drug lords have, for sure, high complicity placed within the Chinese mafia and neighboring capitals person in Beijing or Washington wants to revisit this area become an opiate abscess. Monitor the sales curve of drugs from Burma is perhaps now one of the most relevant indicators to assess the willingness or not the international community to intervene and redefine a "Burmese politics." Evidence that trade the brown opium paste, white powder or amphetamines more concerned that the Western attacks on human rights governments. As gross as they are.

RICHARDWERLY
Correspondent for business
European Time (Geneva)
former correspondent in Bangkok
Tokyo.


2011 July 19, 2011

Burma: Aung San Suu Kyi pays tribute to her father, independence hero

Source: AFP

The Burmese opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi pays tribute to his father at the "Martyrs' Day", July 19, 2011 in Yangon (AFP, Soe Than Win)

The Burmese opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi, accompanied by hundreds of his supporters paid tribute Tuesday to his father Aung San, a hero of independence, for his first nine years in the very official "Day of Martyrs".

General Aung San, the then Prime Minister and several of his ministers, were killed July 19, 1947, several months before Britain formally granted independence to Burma.

The winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, 66, was first laid flowers in the morning to the memorial honoring his father and other figures of independence, at a ceremony held amid tight security by the regime to which she had been invited.

Hundreds of supporters gathered outside the headquarters of his party dissolved by the junta, the National League for Democracy (NLD), where Ms Suu Kyi later met with Western diplomats, was a journalist from AFP.

Many of these activists were later followed the dissident who went for the second time at the mausoleum of the martyrs, in the car. The authorities have left hundreds of people overcome these security posts around the site while photographing the crowd.

Ms Suu Kyi was unable to attend the ceremony since 2002, the year before his last arrest. It was released in November 2010 after seven years of house arrest.

"The struggle for the establishment of a new democratic state has been undermined" by the assassination of Aung San and other "martyrs", said the NLD in a statement.

NLD "will continue to pursue its historic obligation scrupulously to the emergence of a truly democratic Union in overcoming any obstacles that will have to face," she added.

The invitation by the regime to Suu Kyi and her supporters rally came just days after his first trip to province since his release, during which it has attracted admirers moved.

But analysts say the plan does not condone future political activities.

This trip to Bagan (center) with his son was described as strictly private. But she also spoke of his desire to organize a tour of the provinces.

An outstanding project after warnings from official newspaper New Light of Myanmar that could lead to "chaos and riots".

Since its release, the junta passed the torch to a civilian regime appearances, but remains in the hands of the military.


2011 July 17, 2011

The invitation of the junta

source: lefigaro.fr

I still find it hard to believe that the junta has no ulterior motives ...

The opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi has been invited by the Burmese regime Tuesday to celebrate the "Day of Martyrs", in homage to new figures independence murdered in 1947 by his father, General Aung San, it was reported today 'Today Burmese source.

This is the first time in nine years that the winner of the Nobel Peace can participate in this ceremony. She was released in November 2010 after seven years of house arrest. "The invitation to participate in the day of the martyrs was sent Thursday to the home of Aung San Suu Kyi. She should attend, "said a Burmese government source added that the mayor of Rangoon lead the ceremony at the mausoleum. A source close to the opponent confirmed that it would be this. According to sources within the National League for Democracy (NLD dissolved), the opponent had planned an alternative ceremony and a march of activists from the party headquarters to the mausoleum, where she was not invited.

On 19 July 1947, just months before the country's independence, several ministers and the Prime Minister, General Aung San, had been shot. The father of Aung San Suu Kyi is still today considered a national hero.

The democracy icon has just completed his first trip to province since his release, during which it has attracted admirers moved. But analysts say the plan does not condone future political activities.
This trip to Bagan (center) with his son was described as strictly private. But she also spoke of his desire to organize a tour of the provinces. An outstanding project after warnings from official newspaper New Light of Myanmar that could lead to "chaos and riots". Since its release, the junta passed the torch to a civilian regime appearances, but remains in the hands of the military.


2011 July 14, 2011

Burma: War crimes against prisoners as porters

source: human rights watch

The abusive and systematic use of prison labor should be an investigation of the United Nations

(Bangkok, July 13, 2011) - The abuses committed by the Burmese army against prisoners forced to serve as porters on the front in very dangerous conditions constitute war crimes, said Human Rights Watch and the Karen Human Association Rights Group (Karen Human Rights Group) in a joint report released today.

The 70-page report, entitled " Dead Men Walking: Convict Porters on the Front Lines in Eastern Burma "(" Risking their lives: Prisoners used as porters on the front lines in Eastern Burma "), exposes details the abuses holders are victims, including summary executions, torture, and the use of detainees as "human shields." The military should stop forcibly recruiting prisoners as porters and mistreating them, and officials who order or participate in such practices should be prosecuted, have highlighted the two associations.

"The prisoners are used as porters for the Burmese army of beasts swap will that transport materials through battlefield littered with mines," said Elaine Pearson, deputy Asia director at Human Rights Watch . "Forcing prisoners to serve on the front lines risking their life is taken another notch in the cruelty of the Burmese army."

Given the longstanding refusal of the Burmese government to investigate atrocities committed by his own soldiers, foreign governments concerned about these abuses should support the creation of a commission of inquiry under the auspices of the United Nations concerning violations of international humanitarian law and human rights in Burma.


The report is based on 58 interviews with prisoners employed as porters who escaped after serving in military operations in Karen State and Pegu area from 2010 to 2011. Prisoners carriers described the summary executions, torture and beatings they were witnesses or victims, and how they were used as "human shields" to trigger mines or protect soldiers against fire. They were also told they were denied medical treatment, as well as adequate food and adequate housing.

"We were trying to carry supplies to the camp, when a carrier has stepped on a mine and lost his leg," he told a holder who has escaped. "The soldiers left him, he was screaming, but nobody helped. When we went back down the mountain, he was dead. I looked up and I saw his clothes in shreds branches and a piece of his leg in a tree. "

The porters were interviewed men 20 to 57 years, convicted of reasons ranging from minor offense aggravated felony. Prison authorities have selected these men among groups from 30 to 150 inmates by prison, apparently chosen at random in detention centers across the country, including labor camps, prisons, high security and local prisons. The detainees were taken to areas where transit were collected between 500 and 700 prisoners, who were then assigned to different units of the Burmese army. Once transferred to the front, they were kept in service indefinitely in inhumane and dangerous conditions, and without remuneration. None of the detainees interviewed had volunteered for this mission.
"The barbaric practice of using prisoners as porters is a hallmark of the armed conflict in Burma for at least 20 years, exposing the prisoners at the risk of armed conflict in total disregard for their safety," said Poe Shan, director of the Association Karen Human Rights Group. "The army also forces other civilians to work as porters, but since they often flee conflict areas, the use of prisoners still required."

Both organizations have stressed that the use of prisoners as porters is by no means an isolated practice, localized, or a drift of some units or commanders: since 1992 credible evidence of persistence is available. The Burmese authorities have recognized in the past the existence of such practices, but claimed that the prisoners were not exposed to hostilities.

The International Labour Organization (ILO) has heckled the Burmese government on several occasions since 1998 on the issue of prisoners as porters, but the problem persists, especially in times of offensive military operations of great magnitude. Despite the remarkable work done by the ILO to fight against forced labor in the center of Burma, the use by the army forced civilians and detainees as porters in areas of ethnic conflict work shows no sign of abating According to the two associations.

"Recent testimonies of former detainees as porters indicate that unfair methods of the Burmese army have not changed since the mock elections last year," said Poe Shan. "The brutal treatment of porters is just one of many facets of the atrocities committed by the army against civilians in ethnic conflict areas." Since gaining independence in 1948, the Burmese government has resorted to particularly brutal anti-insurgency tactics against ethnic minorities. These tactics are especially deliberate attack towns and villages inhabited by civilians, forced displacement and resettlement on a massive scale, torture, extrajudicial executions, rape and other sexual violence against women and girls, and the use of child soldiers. Armed ethnic groups have also been implicated in abuses such as indiscriminate use of landmines, forced labor of civilians and recruitment of child soldiers. These abuses have led to calls for more urgent to create a United Nations commission of inquiry to investigate allegations of longstanding alleging violations of international humanitarian law and human rights Birmanie.Human Rights Watch and Karen Human Rights Group found that serious abuses amounting to war crimes were perpetrated with the complicity or knowledge of civil and military officials of high rank. The officers and soldiers commit atrocities with impunity. Credible, impartial and independent are necessary to shed light on the serious violations committed by all parties to internal armed conflicts in Burma, according to the two organizations.

The two associations have urged the 16 countries that have already voted in favor of a commission of inquiry under the auspices of the United Nations to include the creation of such a commission in the next resolution of the General Assembly UN Burma.

"ASEAN and the governments of the European Union should stop hoping that things will magically improve in Burma and would do better to argue vigorously for a commission of inquiry of the UN," according Pearson. "Every day that passes without the international community to act, is a new day when the Burmese army may force other carriers to serve at the peril of their lives."

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Testimonies of prisoners employed as porters who escaped:
All names used are pseudonyms.

"On 20 December 2010, they [the prison officials] called names, one after the other [the prison Pya in the Pegu area]. They ordered us to put us in line and we said we would do carriers. I do not know what it meant, 'carrier'. I had never heard of. [The police] took 25 people in a truck. They fully sheeted truck. We saw nothing of what was happening outside. Sometimes it was hard to breathe. We had to wear prison uniforms, and they chained our legs, two by two. "

- "Kyaw Min," former prisoner bearer, January 2011

"I ran with two other prisoners to 10 pm. Along the way, we got caught by soldiers of another unit to 1am. These four soldiers beat us with big sticks, anywhere on the body. The soldiers tied my hands behind my back, and bound my ankles holding my legs stretched straight. One of the soldiers took a big bamboo and violently rubbed my shins with for an hour. There were five or seven soldiers at this time, and they were completely drunk. They wanted to know why we were gone, and we told them we were afraid. They are angry, saying, 'You do not love your country then?' A sergeant came and yelled at me: 'If you ever try to escape, I'll kill you!' ".

- "Tun Mok," former prisoner bearer, February 2011

"The boy told them [Burmese soldiers], 'If I saved you'll shoot me." They said, 'No, we're not going to kill you. You can go. ' They ordered the type to start running. At the same time he engaged in the descent towards the throat, they shot him in the back. And they said, 'You see what happens guys? If you are not able to climb, it will kill you. ' We were very afraid. "

- "Matthew," former prisoner bearer, January 2011

"The soldiers told us the evening there were a lot of fighting in the mountains, and we would be lucky if the next night we were still alive. We're all dead, I thought. Alive or dead, it's the same here. So 15 of us decided to escape. We crossed the river to the shore Thai side. We heard the sit-tha [Burmese soldiers] shouting, 'Do not run away! Do not run away! ' I turned to look and I was hit by the first bullet. They pulled us over four times, I think. The ball hit my right shoulder and broke my arm. It threw me to the ground. At the time I was completely stunned, others they just saved. "

- "Tun Tun Aung," former prisoner bearer, February 2011


2011 July 11, 2011

Ethnic cleansing in Burma

source: lemonde.fr

Des soldats de l'ethnie kachin après des combats avec les troupes  birmanes en juin 2011.

Soldiers of the Kachin ethnic group after fighting with the Burmese troops in June / HO 2011. REUTERS

"Ethnic cleansing" is underway in Kachin State in the far north of Burma, said a Catholic priest demanding anonymity to the Catholic news agency Fides. For three weeks, the region has seen fighting between the army and the rebel Kachin Independent Army (KIA) to revive.

Priests and religious of the diocese of Myitkyina (which covers the territory of the Kachin State) "do everything possible to help the ethnic Kachin refugees, almost all Christians, victims of a brutal crackdown by the army "he told the priest that you know his name for security reasons.

"Women, children and the elderly are the soldiers thank you. In Kachin villages, they kill old people and children, raping women, burning houses, confiscate property. They use cruel methods to achieve ethnic cleansing, "he added, speaking of" real humanitarian tragedy. "

OVER 20,000 DISPLACED

According to Fides, over 20,000 people have already fled the villages to safer places. The origin of these clashes, the agreement between the Burmese government and China for the construction of a dam. This will result in the removal of many villages where the Kachin people live.

According to Fides sources, the Burmese junta, under international pressure, says it is ready for a cease-fire, but at the same time deploying significant military forces and equipment to launch a final offensive against the rebels hiding in the forests.

Burmese state media accused them of being the cause of the fighting, ensuring that the army had only respond to protect the hydroelectric project and its Chinese employees. KIA, which should have at least a few thousand fighters, was once one of the most powerful rebel groups in Burma.


2011 July 7, 2011

A Burmese diplomat defected

Source: AP

A Burmese senior diplomat stationed at the embassy of his country in Washington has defected to the United States.

Former Deputy Chief of Mission Kyaw Win also claimed political asylum in a letter to Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, whose Associated Press obtained a copy.

Kyaw Win also warned that repression is increasing in the country, despite the elections presented as "democratic" and asked the United States to adopt targeted sanctions against Burma's leaders and their families.

He says that his conscience does not allow him to continue to serve the Burmese regime.

Kyaw Win says the military junta remains the real power in Burma, it seeks to silence those who demand democracy, human rights and individual freedoms, and that threats were made against the main Burmese dissident Aung San Suu Kyi.

Kyaw Win, who served with the Burmese Foreign Ministry for 31 years, said fear returning home because of its efforts to improve bilateral relations between his country and the United States. He asked U.S. officials to establish an international commission of inquiry to look into crimes against humanity allegedly committed in Burma.


2011 July 6, 2011

Burma admirers moved around Aung San Suu Kyi in province

Source: AFP

The Burmese opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi during his visit to Mount Popa, July 6, 2011 at Kyauk Padaung near Mandalay (AFP, Soe Than Win)

Burmese moved spontaneously gathered Wednesday at Bagan (center) around the democracy icon Aung San Suu Kyi during his first outing of Rangoon since her release, a private journey that takes still looks like a popularity test.

A crowd of 150 people waiting for the winner of the Nobel Peace Prize after lunch with her son Kim Aris in the former imperial capital.

"Thank you," she said to her fans, some of whom wept as she signed autographs and posed for pictures.

"I try to come back," she said before returning to his hotel.

Suu Kyi arrived Monday in Bagan, one of the finest architectural sights in the world, a journey described as strictly private.

The dissenting continuously monitored during this movement by plainclothes police refrained from any political statement.

A silence which was not customary before his previous house arrest in 2003, and comes after it was recently summoned by the authorities to stop his political activities and to weigh the risks represent a provincial tour .

She had said in late May prepare a tour of the country, a real test of his popularity after his release from house arrest in November, and the last election boycott by his party, the National League for Democracy (NLD dissolved).

She has since indicated that it would conduct a tour just after the rainy season, which lasts all summer.

In 2003, Suu Kyi and her team had been assaulted in a province he seems ambush orchestrated by the junta, who had a hundred deaths in the NLD, four by the junta. The attack led to his house arrest for seven years.